Characteristics of donor lungs declined on site and impact of lung allocation policy change.

OBJECTIVE: National and institutional data suggest an increase in organ discard rate (donor lungs procured but not implanted) after a new lung allocation policy was introduced in 2017. However, this measure does not include on-site decline rate (donor lungs declined intraoperatively). The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the allocation policy change on on-site decline. METHODS: We used a Washington University (WU) and our local organ procurement organization (Mid-America Transplant [MTS]) database to abstract data on all accepted lung offers from 2014 to 2021. An on-site decline was defined as an event in which the procuring team declined the organs intraoperatively, and the lungs were not procured. Logistic regression models were used to investigate potentially modifiable reasons for decline. RESULTS: The overall study cohort comprised 876 accepted lung offers, of which 471 donors were at MTS with WU or others as the accepting center and 405 at other organ procurement organizations with WU as the accepting center. At MTS, the on-site decline rate increased from 4.6% to 10.8% (P = .01) after the policy change. Given the greater likelihood of non-local organ placement and longer travel distance after policy change, the estimated cost of each on-site decline increased from $5727 to $9700. In the overall group, latest partial pressure of oxygen (odds ratio [OR], 0.993; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.989-0.997), chest trauma (OR, 2.474; CI, 1.018-6.010), chest radiograph abnormality (OR, 2.902; CI, 1.289-6.532), and bronchoscopy abnormality (OR, 3.654; CI, 1.813-7.365) were associated with on-site decline, although lung allocation policy era was unassociated (P = .22). CONCLUSIONS: We found that nearly 8% of accepted lungs are declined on site. Several donor factors were associated with on-site decline, although lung allocation policy change did not have a consistent impact on on-site decline.

Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumorlet in the Explanted Lungs for Lung Transplantation: A Case Series of 15 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary carcinoid tumorlet (PCT) is defined as small proliferation of neuroendocrine cells that invade the adjacent basement membrane. It is often associated with chronic pulmonary inflammatory processes. However, the characteristics of PCT in end-stage lung diseases remain unclear. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the explanted lungs after transplantation at our institution between January 1999 and October 2020. Patients who underwent re-transplantation were excluded. RESULTS: Pulmonary carcinoid tumorlet was incidentally discovered in the explanted lungs from 15 patients (1.1%) out of 1367 lung transplants performed during the study period. Nine patients (60.0 %) were women, with a median age of 59 years (IQR: 57-62) at transplant. Underlying pulmonary indications for lung transplantation were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9/15, 60.0%), interstitial lung disease (2/15, 13.0%), pulmonary vascular disease (2/15, 13.0%), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (1/15, 7.0%), and bronchiectasis (1/15, 7.0%). Of the patients who underwent bilateral lung transplantation (13/15, 86.7%), PCT was found in the right lung in 10 patients (10/13, 76.9%). Thirteen patients had one lesion, 1 patient had 2 lesions and 1 patient had multiple lesions. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that PCT is generally uncommon, but when it occurs, it occurs more frequently on the right side and in female patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be a predisposing factor for developing PCT.

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman-Rich Syndrome) in Lung Transplantation: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), also known as Hamman-Rich syndrome, is a rare and rapidly progressive idiopathic interstitial lung disease with a high mortality rate. Treatment is limited to supportive care and empirical high-dose steroids; however, outcomes are generally poor. There are few reports of lung transplantation (LTx) in patients with AIP. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with AIP among those who underwent LTx at our center between January 2008 and December 2020. RESULTS: During the study period, 4 patients with AIP underwent bilateral LTx: 3 men and 1 woman, between 30 and 57 years of age. The lung allocation score ranged between 71 and 89. Of the 4 patients, 2 needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and mechanical ventilation (MV) and 1 needed MV preoperatively. Time of onset to transplant ranged from 1 to 3 months. None of the patients had primary graft dysfunction after LTx; 2 had acute cellular rejection and 1 had chronic lung allograft dysfunction. The 4 patients are alive with survival ranging between 1 and 12 years after LTx. CONCLUSION: AIP should be considered in patients with acute respiratory failure without a clear etiology. Our study showed that LTx led to good outcomes and should be considered as a treatment option in appropriate candidates.

A comparison of outcomes after lung transplantation between European and North American centers.

BACKGROUND: With advancements in basic science and clinical medicine, lung transplantation (LT) has evolved rapidly over the last three decades. However, it is unclear if significant regional variations exist in long-term outcomes after LT. METHODS: To investigate potential differences, we performed a retrospective, comparative cohort analysis of adult patients undergoing deceased donor single or double LT in North America (NA) or Europe between January 2006 and December 2016. Data up to April 2019 were abstracted from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Thoracic Organ Registry. We compared overall survival (OS) between North American and European LT centers in a propensity score matched analysis. RESULTS: In 3,115 well-matched pairs, though 30-day survival was similar between groups (NA 96.2% vs Europe 95.4%, p = 0.116), 5-year survival was significantly higher in European patients (NA 60.1% vs Europe 70.3%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This survival difference persisted in a sensitivity analysis excluding Canadian patients. Prior observations suggest that these disparities are at least partly related to better access to care via universal healthcare models prevalent in Europe. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings and explore other causal mechanisms. It is likely that potential solutions will require concerted efforts from healthcare providers and policymakers.

Clinical features and outcomes of unplanned single lung transplants.

OBJECTIVE: The decision to perform single lung transplants or double lung transplants is usually made before the operation. We have previously reported that a proportion of single lung transplants were unexpectedly performed in the setting of an aborted double lung transplant, and these patients may be at a higher risk of worse short-term outcomes. Long-term outcomes in unplanned single lung transplants remain unknown. METHODS: We analyzed a single-center database of lung transplants from 2000 to 2020. Single lung transplants were classified into planned and unplanned groups after reviewing operative notes. Root cause analysis was performed for unplanned single lung transplants. RESULTS: Of the 1326 lung transplants, 1265 (95%) were double lung transplants and 61 (5%) were single lung transplants (22 planned [36%], 39 unplanned [64%]). Underlying indications for transplant were significantly different; planned single lung transplant: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (55%) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (45%); unplanned single lung transplants: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (23%), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (39%), and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (13%). The primary reasons for unplanned single lung transplant were donor-related (3, 7.7%), recipient-related (31, 80%), and donor and recipient-related factors (5, 13%). Unplanned single lung transplants were more likely to require cardiopulmonary bypass during the operation (planned: 4/22, 18% vs unplanned: 20/39, 51%) but had shorter ischemic times (planned: 251 ± 58 minutes vs unplanned: 221 ± 48 minutes). The 5-year overall survival was 53% in the planned and 58% in the unplanned groups, respectively (P = .323). No difference in chronic lung allograft dysfunction-free survival (P = .995) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Unplanned single lung transplants in the setting of aborted double lung transplant may be associated with acceptable long-term outcomes.

Association of Nonobstructive Chronic Bronchitis With All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of nonobstructive chronic bronchitis (CB) on mortality is unclear. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is nonobstructive CB associated with increased all-cause mortality? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the association of nonobstructive CB and all-cause mortality. We searched for articles that included both CB and mortality in the title, abstract, or both in PubMed and EMBASE. We excluded studies in which participants demonstrated obstructive spirometry findings and studies in which CB and mortality were not defined. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale to assess study quality. We pooled adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) using the random effects model and inverse variance weighting. We conducted stratified analysis by the definition of CB and smoking status. We used Cochran's Q and I2 to assess for heterogeneity. We assessed publication bias by visual inspection of a funnel plot. RESULTS: Of 5,014 titles identified, eight fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall nonobstructive CB was associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.26-1.50) with no statistically significant heterogeneity (P = .14; I2 = 29%). Nonobstructive CB was associated with increased mortality in studies that defined CB as any respiratory symptoms (broad definition; HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10-1.48; I2 = 0%) as well as in the rest of the studies (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.26-1.56; I2 = 37%). Nonobstructive CB was associated with increased mortality in ever smokers (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.35-1.64; I2 = 0%), but was not associated with increased mortality in never smokers (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.90-1.66), and moderate heterogeneity was found (P = .10; I2 = 49%). The funnel plot did not indicate evidence of a publication bias because it showed symmetrical distribution of studies. INTERPRETATION: Nonobstructive CB is associated with increased all-cause mortality, and this association seems to be present only in current and former smokers. Further research should investigate whether this high-risk population may benefit from early therapeutic intervention. TRIAL REGISTRY: PROSPERO; No.: CRD42021253596; URL: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero.

Donor-derived Ehrlichiosis: 2 Clusters Following Solid Organ Transplantation.

Ehrlichiosis has been infrequently described as transmissible through organ transplantation. Two donor-derived clusters of ehrlichiosis are described here. During the summer of 2020, 2 cases of ehrlichiosis were reported to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for investigation. Additional transplant centers were contacted to investigate similar illness in other recipients and samples were sent to the CDC. Two kidney recipients from a common donor developed fatal ehrlichiosis-induced hemophagocytic lymphocytic histiocytosis. Two kidney recipients and a liver recipient from another common donor developed ehrlichiosis. All 3 were successfully treated. Clinicians should consider donor-derived ehrlichiosis when evaluating recipients with fever early after transplantation after more common causes are ruled out, especially if the donor has epidemiological risk factors for infection. Suspected cases should be reported to the organ procurement organization and the OPTN for further investigation by public health authorities.

Incidentally Detected Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Hilar Lymph Nodes at the Time of Lung Transplantation: A Case Report.

A 68-year-old man with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis underwent bilateral lung transplantation. Histopathologic examination of hilar lymph nodes in the explanted lungs showed effacement of normal nodal architecture by the proliferation of small lymphocytes, consistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL). Unexpectedly discovered malignancies at the time of lung transplantation is uncommon, especially in the lymph nodes. The clinical management was challenging because of attempts to balance treatment of CLL and immunosuppressive treatment to prevent graft rejection. Here, we report a case of incidentally detected CLL in hilar lymph nodes with explanted lungs and review the relevant literature.

Local versus distant lung donor procurement does not influence short-term clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to recognize clinically meaningful differences in lung transplant outcomes based on local or distant lung procurement. This could identify if the lung allocation policy change would influence patient outcomes. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed adult patients who underwent lung transplant from 2006 to 2017. Donor and recipient data were abstracted from a collaborative, prospective registry shared by our local organ procurement organization, and tertiary medical center. Short-term outcomes, 1-year survival, and hospitalization costs were compared between local and distant lung transplants defined by donor service area. RESULTS: Of the 722 lung transplants performed, 392 (54%) had local donors and 330 (46%) had distant donors. Donors were similar in age and cause of death. Recipients were significantly different in diagnosis and local recipients had lower median lung allocation scores (local, 37.3 and distant, 44.9; P < .01). Distant lung transplants had longer total ischemic times (local, 231 ± 52 minutes and distant, 313 ± 48 minutes; P < .01). The rate of major complications, length of hospital stay, and 1-year survival were similar between groups. Distant lung transplants were associated with higher median overall cost (local, $183,542 and distant, $229,871; P < .01). Local lung transplants were more likely to be performed during daytime (local, 333 out of 392 [85%] and distant, 291 out of 330 [61%]; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Local lung transplants are associated with shorter ischemic times, lower cost, and greater likelihood of daytime surgery. Short- and intermediate-term outcomes are similar for lung transplants from local and distant donors. The new lung allocation policy, with higher proportion of distant lung transplants, is likely to incur greater costs but provide similar outcomes.

External Validation of the COmorbidity Test.

The COmorbidity TEst (COTE) is a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)-specific co-morbidity score created to predict mortality. Before its wide application at the University of New Mexico we intended to validate it. The study was conducted at the University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH) in Albuquerque, NM, USA, a tertiary academic hospital. Consecutive patients with the clinical diagnosis of COPD were identified using the hospital's medical records system and included if they were older than 40 years, had smoked at least 20 pack-years and their post bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) was <0.7 without an alternative diagnosis. The data collected included demographics, co-morbidities as described in the COTE, COPD-specific therapies, spirometry results and mortality. Of 317 patients 51.4% were male, average age was 65.6 ± 9.6 years and the mean post-bronchodilator FEV1 percent predicted (FEV1%) was 52.9 ± 16.9%. 31 (9.8%) patients were on triple long-acting bronchodilator inhaler therapy, 88 (27.8%) on two long-acting bronchodilators and 163 (51.4%) on at least one long-acting bronchodilator. The median follow-up was 3.5 years (IQR = 1.9-6.9). Fifty four patients died by the end of the follow-up period and their median COTE of 4 (IQR = 1-8) was significantly higher than for the survivors with COTE = 1 (IQR = 0-6; p = 0.002). In univariable analyses COTE was positively associated while FEV1%, body mass index (BMI) and gender were negatively associated with all-cause mortality. In multivariable analysis BMI, FEV1% and COTE remained independent predictors for mortality. The COTE is an independent predictor of mortality for COPD patients at UNMH.